Environmental Pollution and Control

Questions: 1. Why is it important to limit global temperature changes to below 2C warming?2. Is the COP21 in Paris considered a success or a failure? Explain your answer?3. Compare their INDCs with respect to: commitments to reduce carbon emissions, forestry protection energy footprint, and technological support?4. In your opinion, do you think that these IDNCs will be effective in controlling climate change Why or why not? Answers: 1. The mark of 2C depicts that global temperatures has risen by 2 degree centigrade that is above the pre-industrial average value. This is the benchmark value that the scientists figured out. If the temperature is rising above the two degree centigrade then it would have a dangerous impact on the climate (12). Scientists suggest that above the temperature of 2 degree the effect caused due to global warming would be irreversible. The warmer the earth becomes the range of the earth climate would be deviating out from the natural range of the climate (13). The effects of the temperatures going above 2 degree centigrade are as follows: The immediate effect of global warming is increase in the temperatures globally. In the last 100 years the average global temperature has increased above 0.8 degree Celsius according to the report specified by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (3). The recording begins at the year in 1895 and the hottest temperature was recorded in the year 2012. It was recorded as the 10th warmest year; such is the effect of global warming. Extreme condition of the weather is also responsible for global warming (9). The climatic changes cause the migration of jet stream to the south. This results in bringing the cold Arctic air. Therefore, some states are having a cold snap all of a sudden even when the trend of global warming prevails. Global warming also leads to the extreme weather that might be hot and cold. The area of snow covered in the States has steadily decreased and the average temperature of permafrost has grown warmer. The global warming is the most dramatic effects are th e reduction in Arctic sea ice (11). The project analyses show that the Arctic Sea would be free of ice during the summer months. The most harmful effect of global warming is glacial retreat. The other most harmful effect is the acidification of the ocean and the increasing of the sea levels. The sea levels have risen above 8 inches in 1870. The rate of increasing the sea levels has affected the coastal areas. As the level of Carbon Dioxide increases the ocean absorbing the CO2 increases the acidity of sea water. This increases the fatality of sea animals (10). Global Warming led to the initiation of heat wave that is dangerous, torrential rain and flooding, damaging coral reefs and shifting species that are been discussed below. The points are discussed in details below: Dangerous Heat Wave: Global warming caused due to the activity of humans. This global warming has a strong impact like dangerous heat wave that might kill the people (3). The heat wave that has already hit in the continent of Europe in the year of 2003 killed around 27000 people and breaks the record of human fatalities caused by nature. The heat also had effect like drought and wildfire that destroyed the agriculture and the European economy faced a deficit of 14.7 billion dollar (4). Torrential Rain and Flooding: The available information shows that due to global warming the intensity of precipitation increase that lead to the torrential rainfall and eventually flooding in the year of 1999 (5). Venezuela faced such a flooding in that year followed by massive landslides and flooding the killed approx 30000 people Damage to Coral Reefs: In the last 25 years world have seen the events of bleaching of coral that had led to the death of the coral reefs. The largest bleaching was recorded in the year of 1997 that lead to the death of 16% of coral reef globally and also includes the death of old coral reefs. Shifting Species: On and around 1400 species starting from fishes to mammals are migrating to the higher altitudes for the extreme temperature condition due to global warming. This causes disturbances in ecological changes and the species at the higher altitude increases that increases the competition for survival. 2. The purpose of meeting is to assess the progress of the nations in the field of change in climate and the agreements are negotiated with the help of setting the goals to reduce the emissions of the greenhouse gas, which is solely responsible for driving the change in climate. The previous meetings like COP3 in Kyoto, Japan that generated the Montreal Action Plan and COP 15 in Copenhagen, Denmark faced a large failure as the agreement of the binding was not reached. The goal of COP 21 was held for keeping the global warming below 2 degree centigrade as the scientists marked that as the threshold value. The goal is too difficult to achieved as the planet has already been heated by 0.85 degree centigrade. Therefore to reduce the warming of the planet below 2 degree centigrade it requires a significant minimization of the reduction of green house gases (14). The success of COP 21 is achievable only if the nations adapt the agreement on the field of legal binding that they would take significant steps in minimizing the emission of carbon gases and have an aim to keep the temperature below the threshold limit of 2 degree centigrade. The negotiation in COP 21 in Paris apart from having an aim of keeping the temperature rise below 2 degree centigrade also focuses on the financial and economical aspect. The meeting held previously had committed an amount of 100 billion dollar per year from the developed countries to help the developing nations for building a sustainable development. The failure and success of the COP21 would be very much dependent on the above issues. COP 21 helped to bring the confidence back in the process of UN after the failure of COP 11 IN Copenhagen. The commentators state that COP 21 has a diplomatic success. It involves all the parties for the first time as all the people from the industry to the low income has taken an oath for working together in reducing the carbon emission (14). There are several other issues that are been the point of criticism. The questions arise with the backbone of the agreement. The areas of concern like keeping the value of temperature rise below 2 degree. Politics has also played a major role in the decision regarding the sustainable development (15). Therefore the deal appears as the strong call taken by the scientist to reduce carbon emission and the politics of the country on the other hand that might not lead to the emission of carbon gases as they use the source as fossil fuel. Therefore, the COP 21 on the overall view has achieved the greater percentage of success than failure. The above overview suggested that COP21 is not at all a failure like COP 15 in Copenhagen. COP 21 also implemented that the report of INDCS should be submitted every five years which will help to keep the track of every countrys contribution for restricting the temperature rise up to 2degree centigrade. Paris Agreement deserves succession as it sounded substantive foundation mainly for the climate change in the international ground. COP21 has been a success and turned out to be turning point for claiming the parties, observers, substantial, activists and many new outlets. The succession in Paris provided political, domestic capital that helps in increasing the chance for the government for implementing the commitments. The contents of the agreement was heavily negotiated, the commitment of each of the parties were being ignored. In recent times, the UNFCCC synthesized INDC that got estimated for amount almost 3 degree warming by the end of the century. In most of the commitments it is seen clearly that, any business large or small or localized or globalised, the strong movement of the climate. Paris agreement focuses on the advancement of the technology by transferring the technology at different stages. For moving to the zero emission economy, all the participant countries must take part for trhe need to change. However, recent study by the Climate-KIC study, major companies are not at all confident to be the part for the change. We still need to understand the opportunities for changing of the climate that it creates. Every country must need to be aware of the impact of the climate change. 3. Countries Commitments to reduce carbon emissions Forestry Protection Energy Footprints Technological Support Myanmar The country pledged to reduce the carbon emission by 16% (10) The deforestation action taken Myanmar to preserve the forest is 45% of the total land. The energy footprints are reduced by 18% by having control on different types of pollution by Myanmar. 16% of the technology support is obtained by the country. Thailand The emission of green house gas is only 0.84% in this country. In COP 21 the country has decided and pledges to reduce the carbon emission by 20%. The forest reservation is 21% with implementing the plan of deforestation. The energy foot print reduced is by 23% by Thailand. 11% of technology support is obtained by the country. Indonesia Indonesia pledged to reduce the emission by 26% by their own and with the support of the international countries they will reduce the carbon emission by 41%. The pledge taken by the country for carbon emission is more by Indonesia then Thailand and ultimately Myanmar. The forest reservation is 21% with implementing the plan of deforestation. The energy footprint is reduced by 25% by Indonesia. The study showed that the minimization of energy footprint Technological support obtained is 17% Commitment to Reduce Carbon Emissions: In regard to the field of reducing carbon emissions Myanmar has pledged to reduce the carbon emission by 16%. The socioeconomic development in this country will certainly increase the demand for the services, product, and development of infrastructure in the field of energy, industry and environmental resources that increase the emission of Green House Gas. The country commits the change in mitigation of climatic change by correctly balancing the development of socio economic structure and the environmental sustainability. Thailand total emission from 1990 to 2012 is 0.75%. Thailand pledged for reducing the GHG emissions from 7 to 20% by 2020 below Business as Usual in the sector of energy and transport (10). They have already achieved 4% of GHG emission reduction and the project of BAU is attempting to reduce the emission by 7% to 20%. 72% of the electricity is generated using natural gas in Thailand. Alternative Energy Development Plan is planning to achieve a target of 20% of the power generation within 2036. Therefore, Thailand will contribute a lot in reducing the carbon emission (10). Indonesia pledged to reduce the carbon emission by 26% by the own ability of the country. INDC reports also said that the country has the capability to reduce the emission with the help of other developed countries to a percentage of 41%. The recent level of emission assessment shows that the unconditional target of reducing the carbon emission by 29%. The low carbon future is ensured by implementing certain regulations as well as actions that could regulate the carbon emission. Indonesia has done best in terms of reducing the carbon emission as they have got the support from the developed country. Forestry Protection: The rate of deforestation is decreased so the contribution for mitigation is significant. The natural forest is maintained and preserved in order to have biodiversity and great ecosystems in Myanmar. The forest protection is done by prohibiting the primary forest and peat lands in Thailand (9). As the country is located in the tropical peninsula therefore it has huge risks in facing risk due to changes in climate. The forestry protection is 21% in Indonesia. The study showed that Myanmar has implemented the forest protector plan. The National Forestry Plan was implemented in 2001 and the Biodiversity Strategic Plan was implemented in 2013 that made Myanmar more successful in the field of Forestry Protection (17). Myanmar showed success in terms of forestry protection. Energy Footprints: The increasing rate of GHG emissions by reducing the air pollution is been adapted by Myanmar. The policies like National Transport plan and National Plan of Implementation on Transport sector are developed and will be implemented. Energy footprints have been the biggest issue in the development of Thailand. The power generation is heavily dependent on the imported crude oil. The country has shifted the power generation to the alternative renewal energy sources that have eliminated the risk of energy footprints. The country has implemented mixed policies for the energy with 23 % of energy resources coming from renewable energy resources. The implementing of the renewable sources helped Indonesia to reduce carbon emission by reducing the use of coal for power generation to some extent. However, Indonesia is leading in term of reducing carbon emission (11). Technology Support: The transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies in the form of renewable energy and energy efficiencies technologies that helps in technology of flood control and technologies of early warning that incorporates the transfer of skill in Myanmar. The technological support is a big barrier for Thailand. The country has certain barrier for the implementations of Technology as it has high cost of installing and the economic structure of the country is not that stable. The technological support for the country is not that stable in Indonesia. The technological assistance as well as the fund is taken from the developed countries. The study shows that Indonesia is having a little good technological support as they are already getting help from the developed countries. bThe INDC implementation would be successful for reducing the emission. The reason is that all the developed countries and the developing countries are working together for the global threat that has been taking place. Therefore the helping and the support from the developed countries towards the developing countries would be beneficial largely. Moreover, the actions and the plans as well as the regulations that the countries are taking in order to reduce carbon emission is good. The fact of political issues is a place of concern. Therefore, every country should be sure that they should not create certain emissions that are dangerous for the world. INDC has also implemented the percentage that each country has decided to contribute for restricting the rise of temperature by 2 degree centigrade (11). Therefore, COP 21 has played a major role in getting hold of all the countries whether developed or undeveloped. The comparative study provided by INDC gives information to all the countr ies that which country is successful in implementing the mitigation plan. COP 21 has incorporated the review system for all the countries in a span of five years for aiming to lower the carbon emission. All the respective countries committed for contributing to the sake of the agreement. The financial support of 100 billion dollars is been provided within 2020 for the support required to the developing countries (12). Therefore, proper funding provided to the countries will help them in effective management of the climate. However, the agreement has certain major drawbacks. The appropriate implementing mechanism lacked in the agreement of COP 21. The agreement is one of the major steps taken for dealing with the climatic challenges and therefore, INDC is successful as the initial step for restricting the change in climate. References Morgan J. Paris COP 21: Power that speaks the truth?. Globalizations. 2016 Nov 1;13(6):943-51. Kallbekken S, Slen H. Predicting Paris: Forecasting key outcomes from COP 21 using an expertsurvey.Oslo,CICEROhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/282974577_Predicting_Paris_Forecasting_key_outcomes_from_COP_21_using_an_expert_survey. 2015. Bledzki LA. Paris COP 21. Great show climate without the grand finale. Przemysl Chemiczny. 2016;95(4):709-. Morgan J. Paris COP 21: Power that speaks the truth?. Globalizations. 2016 Nov 1;13(6):943-51. Lal R. Beyond COP 21: Potential and challenges of the 4 per Thousand initiative. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2016 Jan 1;71(1):20A-5A. Kinley R. Climate change after Paris: from turning point to transformation. Climate Policy. 2017 Jan 2;17(1):9-15. Tacconi L. Preventing fires and haze in Southeast Asia. Nature Climate Change. 2016 Jul 1;6(7):640-3. Miranda M. The Paris Agreement and 21st Century Coal. Fueling Increased Electricity Production in the Emerging Economies of Asia. 2016:18. Ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2014Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Regional Aspects. Cambridge University Press; 2014 Dec 29. Frank D, Reichstein M, Bahn M, Thonicke K, Frank D, Mahecha MD, Smith P, Velde M, Vicca S, Babst F, Beer C. Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts. Global change biology. 2015 Aug 1;21(8):2861-80. Schlter L, Lohbeck KT, Gutowska MA, Grger JP, Riebesell U, Reusch TB. Adaptation of a globally important coccolithophore to ocean warming and acidification. Nature Climate Change. 2014 Nov 1;4(11):1024-30. Ondrey G. Progress to Limit Climate Change. Chemical Engineering. 2016 Jan 1;123(1):16. Kressman R, Long S. GCB?Bioenergy reaches a new high in impact factor and goes open access. Gcb Bioenergy. 2016 Jan 1;8(1):3. Mesquida C, Guirkinger B. Making a Success of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. Opinion of the Economic, Social and Environmental Council. Lane JE. Role of the Natural and Social Sciences in Cop21 Implementation: Success or Failure. Journal of Management and Strategy. 2016 Aug 17;7(3):p23. Kumar S. Low Carbon Energy Systems and Indicator Framework for Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. InInvesting on Low-Carbon Energy Systems 2016 (pp. 215-248). Springer Singapore. Forsell N, Turkovska O, Gusti M, Obersteiner M, den Elzen M, Havlik P. Assessing the INDCs land use, land use change, and forest emission projections. Carbon Balance and Management. 2016 Dec 1;11(1):26. Kitous A, Keramidas K. Analysis of scenarios integrating the INDCs. European comission. 2015 Oct. Kalirajan K, Liu Y. Renewable energy trade within Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) countries: an exploratory analysis. The Australian National University, Australia South Asia Research Centre; 2016. Boyd R, Turner J, Ward B. Tracking intended nationally determined contributions: what are the implications for greenhouse gas emissions in 2030?.

Rock and Roll free essay sample

Many saw the culture as a way to rebel against the old traditions C. Rock and rollers led a hard life which included drugs and alcohol D. The fashion reflected the lifestyles Of the rock and rollers. Ill. Saving the World. A. Love and peace are common themes in rock and roll music. B. Fellow musicians like Woody Guthrie and Bob Dylan. C. Musicians have adopted causes ranging from environments. D. Songs would be Sunday Bloody Sunday. IV. Origin of Phrase. A. Origin of Phrase came from blacks as a form of slang. B. First used in 1951 but credited to Alan Freed. C. One of Paul Backcombs in 1947 D.Tried Smiths song My Man Rocks Me With One Steady Roll. V. Cultural Impact. A. Although many older generation viewed the revolution ear as a underground movement. B. Rock and roll came during tensions between blacks and whites. C. Music brought the segregation to an end VI. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock and Roll or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rock and Roll and Uniqueness A. Brought politics together B. Rose charity money VII. Weapon is Rock and Roll Conclusion A. Rock and roll is a weapon of Cultural Revolution. B. Jon Sinclair talks about freedom and differences C. There are not many genuine artists in the world anymore The 1 sass was considered to be called the time of change.During this time, many movements had taken place. Reasons for this would be due to the economic depression because of the Vietnam War. Several Americans were against the idea of war. The prices of food rose up and living necessities became too expensive to afford. Not only were prices rising but people were losing their jobs. Since no one wanted to spend, stores were not able to keep a sufficient income to keep their workers. Thus, employees were forced to be let go. During a time of economic hardships, people turned for ways to relief he stress and trouble that they were facing.Thus, a revolution was born. Rock and roll was formed in the late sass in the United States. Born in a time of change and crisis, people saw the counterculture movement as a way to fight against the mishaps. Traditional music became loud and noisy with inappropriate lyrics that were sung by new artists. Because of how new rock and roll was, it was considered to be an underground genre and was viewed negatively by older generations. In many aspects, Rock and roll was a movement that rebelled against politics. It was not common for songs to include topics that were related about war.Well known Rock and Rollers would be Elvis Presley (The King of Rock and Roll), The Ink Blots, and Luis Jordan. Each of these artists brought a unique piece of music to make rock and roll a unique genre. As stated by Alan Freed, Rock and roll is a river of music that has absorbed many streams; rhythms, blues, jazz, rag time, cowboy songs, country songs, and folk songs. Soon, rock and roll became part of the popular culture of the United States. Not only that but, the rock and roll movement help shaped the attitude, lifestyle, fashion, and even engage of the many individuals in the United States. Rock and roll music became more than just a popular culture that made its way during the sass. It became a movement and possibly even an ideology. Those who followed the movement sought ways to put their emotions and beliefs into song. Unlike the millions of different popular culture, it had allowed people to live life differently than most. It was a movement that was against everything that made the world impure. Rock and roll allowed followers to play their music loud and harsh. Lyrics became over flown with motions so strong, that older generations sought ways to stop the movement. However, in the eyes of the newer generations, it was considered a revolution. Not just any kind, but as the Music Revolution. Attempts to merge politics and music were made possible due to the hard efforts of John Sinclair. Born on October 2, 1941 in Flint, Michigan, he was known for being a one-time manager of the band MAC and leader of the White Panther Party- a militantly anti-racist counterculture group of the white Socialists that sought to assist the Black Panthers in the Civil Rights movement. Sinclair, known for his active involvement with the MAC, managed the hard-edged punk-look from 1966 through 1969.The MAC band was able to embrace the counterculture revolutionary politics of the White Panther Party under the guidance of Sinclair, himself. Even if MAC and Sinclair were both deeply involved with the revolutionary politics, MAC came to a realization that Sinclair was too heavy-handed. Although the band and Sinclair are no longer working together, they are still close friends. In 1968, Sinclair Rock and Roll Is a Weapon of Cultural Revolution was published in a magazine. He claimed that there are not many genuine music artists left in the world that would sing purely because Of a cause rather than just for money.Sinclair also states multiple times that music is revolution. According to Sinclair, Rock and roll not only is a weapon of Cultural Revolution, it is the model of the revolutionary future. Its best the music works to free people on all levels, and production unit. Here, Sinclair gives his explanations on why rock and roll was indeed a revolutionary weapon. Because Rock and Roll music is so unique, it allows followers to be set free from many things. People dont have to stress over simple daily situations. With rock and roll, people were able to formulate a sense of culture.Sinclair continued to say, People have got to get it together, not apart. People are now stuck with bullwhip jobs, bullwhip schools, bullwhip houses, bullwhip marriages And theres no need for it anymore. He also continued to insist that Everything has to be free or else! In this article, Sinclair puts his focus on the new generations whom he believes are the Music Revolution. He encouraged the youths to start writing music and express their feelings about politics. Sinclair stated that the world is corrupted because humans made nothing but anti-human products.Daily things such as toilet paper, plastic cups, and forks are just some of the things that were mentioned. In addition, Sinclair concluded strongly that, Ifs time to turn on, tune in and take over! JP against the ceiling, motherboard! Not too long after this article was published, Sinclair Music Revolution came into reality and that his famous quote turn on, tune in, and take over! would play a huge role in the rock and roll movement. Rock and roll became more than just a form of popular culture. Many individuals, especially the younger generations, saw it as a form of lifestyle and culture.Several rock and rollers found that the popular culture of rock and roll was a central component of the Cultural Revolution. The reason why the followers felt this way was because unlike other music genres, rock and roll allowed artists to sing about situations with anger. In addition, rock and roll was like an escape away from the economic depression that people were facing during the late sass to the 1 sass. The depression affected many families, and because of this, songs began to reflect that era. Thus, rock and roll was formed. Due to its popularity, it was adopted into the lifestyles and attitudes of many Americans. Teenagers started to live the hard life by drinking hard liquor. Drugs such as L SD, pot, heroin, and crack were used to reflect their lifestyle. The rock and roll fashion in the 1 sass-ass consisted of mostly black leather. Males usually followed the famous actor, James Dean, style. They would wear a tight white t-shirt and have their hair swept to the side and a comb in their leather jacket. For the females, they would wear leather jackets as well with edgy skirts and leggings. Favorite rock and roll celebrities would be seen on magazine covers and products often would be sold in stores. To outsiders especially the older generations, this was considered to be very shocking and disappointing. Soon, fellow rock and rollers were considered to be an outcast. Although this may be true, with the help of the Music Revolution the attitudes of the people changed from strained and depressed to hard living and optimistic. Because of rock and roll, individuals were able to get on with their lives with minimum stress Peace and love were common themes in rock and roll music. Rock artists in the sass and ass have often addressed economic issues as commentary action.For instance, during the Vietnam War, one of the very first rock songs to protest was heard. The artists of the song were Bob Dylan and Woody Guthrie. Many well known rock musicians have adapted to the attempt of addressing economic and social issues. For example, some well known songs would be Mercy Mercy Me, Sunday Bloody Sunday, and Kill the Poor. Some notably musicians that were very active in politics were John Lennox and his former girlfriend, Yoke Non. The duo was known to give their peaches about their anti-war sentiment both in music and in the public statements.Sometimes, the involvement of rock musicians would go more than just songwriting and take the form of concerts, events, and charity. Rock and roll was a social activism that has reached a milestone in the Live Aid concerts. It has outgrown the 1984 charity single Do They Know Its Christmas? Also, it has become the largest musical concert in history with performers On two main stages. People featured in this charity concert were all the face of rock music back in the days. Live Aid help became a model for any other fund raising. Environmental issues have been a common theme.An example would be Live Earth. The origin of the phrase rock and roll may surprise many for some did not know that it was not the Whites that came up with that phrase. Instead, the phrase of rock and roll came from the Blacks as a form of slang. In 1951, Alan Freed, a disk jockey, began playing blues and country music for a multi-racial audience. He is credited with the first for using the phrase rock and roll to describe the music he played. But the phrase was introduced to Americans in words of blues and rhythm. There are three different songs that are titled rock and roll.Some were recorded as early as the 1 9405. One was recorded by Paul Backcomb around 1947; in 1948 Wild Bill Moore decides to join in and lastly, Doles Dickens in 1949. It is also not out of the ordinary for people to find Rock and Roll in R songs. Back then, rock and roll was a black slang for sex or perhaps dancing. The first record of the usage of rock and roll would be from her one song called, My Man Rocks Me with One Steady Roll. Going back even further in time, nil 916, the term rock and rolling was often seed with a religious meaning.The word rock had a history in the English language as a metaphor to shake up, loosen up, or to be disturbed. Example would be, Rock It for Me, Baby, and Rock and roll my life with the music. During the sass, sex in songs became very common. The verb roll was in fact a medieval metaphor which meant to be having see Examples in sentences would be I rolled her in the clover or They had rolled all day and night in the house. The terms of rock and roll was Often used together to describe the ships motion at sea as well. Simply to say, the term rock and OLL basically means to loosen up and have sex.It is not hard to understand why the people began to use this word; to rebel against the world of what was going on. Perhaps, due to all the depression, individuals saw that the way of rock and roll was a solution to their endless problems. Rock and roll is a way of life and those who live it are in freedom. Rock and rollers such as Elvis Presley and John Lennox went for something different and that was to choose to be in a different popular culture. Because of rock and roll, many individuals found their identities by finding the lifestyle and culture that fits hose best.Back in the days, rock and roll music was considered to be underground. Before it had gained its popularity, rock and roll culture was not big on older generations, especially among parents of teenagers. Parents viewed it as a ludicrous to be considered as music. Older generations were used to listening to soft and classical music such as opera, and Mozart, however unlike classical music; rock and roll music does not have any of those traits in its genre. Rock and roll music is loud and very heavy that consists of drums and guitars whether it may be electric or acoustic, it depends on the type of Eng that is being played.The media portrayed rock and rollers as a bad kid or troublemaker. However, all of this is proven to be wrong for rock and roll did much more than that. During hard times, Rock and roll appeared when racial tensions in the United States were coming to the surface. African Americans were protesting segregation of schools and public facilities. The separate but equal doctrine was nominally overturned by the Supreme Court in 1954, and the difficult task of enforcing this new doctrine lay ahead. This new musical form combining elements of white and black music inevitably provoked strong reactions.This just proves that music can do many things that others may have thought impossible since because of the music it has helped blacks and whites to overcome their differences. Rock and roll has impacted so much in America along with the world. It has swept peoples feet with its rhythm, beats, and blues. Rock and roll has everything to offer for an individual. Its different and unique and because of it, rock and roll has earned its place in the popular culture. It has created a difference too many lives. Because of rock and roll, the youth of the sass ND 1 9605 were able to find their identity.There is so much more to life than the music of rock and roll. To many, it is a culture and lifestyle. It changed the attitudes of many and thanks to rock and roll, it has patched up the wounds between the blacks and the whites. For once, there was something that the two groups have in common. Rock and roll brought family together. It didnt matter if you were rich or poor or if you were black or white, music is music and rock and roll is the Music Revolution. Just like how Jon Sinclair would have put it, its time to turn on, tune in, and take over. Notes Rock and roll evolved in the United States during the sass and early sass. Rock and roll consisted of mainly blues, country, folk, and gospel along with jazz. Rock and roll led to modern rock music such as glamour, metal, and death metal music. The instruments involved are usually guitars. In rock and roll there are two electric guitars along with saxophone and piano (sass). As rock and roll aged dance got more popular such as the boogie- woke. 2 Rock and roll became more than just a type of popular culture. It has evolved over time.As it grew with age, rock and roll became simply just rock USIA. The popular culture took over the world with music, television; it influenced lifestyles, attitude, and even language. Rock and roll did more than just that but it also helped bring people from different cultures together. Because of rock music the segregation act disappeared. Black and white individuals came together and enjoyed listening to the same type of rock music. Soon, the white music entertainment industry realized that there was room for black Millie. Because Of this, hip hop earn its popularity along with rhythm and beat music. Alan Freed is credited for the term of rock and roll. However the real origin of rock and roll came from Tried whose lyrics contained, My man rocks me with one steady roll. Rock and roll was also a slang used by blacks. The word rock meant to shake up and loosen while roll was a term meant to have sew. Rock and roll affected the teenage culture of many generations in several ways. For instance, it changed the aspects of teenagers. It helped teenagers find their own identity. Because of this, their fashion made a statement of who they are and what they lived for.

Dimension Of Inter Professional Working The WritePass Journal

Dimension Of Inter Professional Working Introduction Dimension Of Inter Professional Working IntroductionDescription My feelings and thoughtEvaluation Analysis ConclusionAction planReferencesRelated Introduction This commentary reflects on my experience of collaboration within the inter-professional team during my placement.   It critically analyses the contribution of various members of the multidisciplinary team and their unique roles in a patient’s holistic care. In my placement, I had the opportunity to engage in service delivery in an inter-professional team which included a Physiotherapist, Psychiatrist, Occupational therapist and Nurse, working to provide holistic care to the patient. Gibbs (1988) proposes a flexible and easy to follow framework for the conduct of a reflective exercise. It encompasses reflection upon and incorporation of knowledge, feelings and action towards better understanding and development of knowledge for future utility (Jasper, 2003). It is guided by the questions: What happened? What was my response? How did I act? Are the feelings good or bad? Are they justifiable? What can be learned from them? (Boud, et al., 1985; Moon, 2004) This approach has been employed to structure this account. Description In compliance to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008), names and details herein are referred to using pseudonyms. While in placement practice in the acute ward which covered a period of six weeks, I took care of Lucy a 66 year old patient diagnosed with dementia as a result of the death of her husband. Worden (1993) suggests that with the loss of loved ones, people can have a protracted experience which may include changes in mental health, impairment in the activities of daily life, and loss of mobility. Lucy lived with her 16 year-old granddaughter helping her out in the activities of daily life but her condition had deteriorated, was always confused and could no longer do anything by herself. During an initial meeting to discuss care plans (Care Programme Approach (CPA) meeting), I noticed that Lucy and her family were absent despite the Department of Health (2007a) categorically stating that CPA meetings should have in attendance all professionals and family involved in the patients care. The CPA meeting is an opportunity for all involved to discuss care plans, and successes from which decisions and changes to programs can be made to attain quality outcome/care (Department of Health, 2004; Barker, 2009). The answer from my mentor to my inquiry on the absence of Lucy and her relatives was that the decision was taken to avoid distressing the patient in her fragile state, allowing the team members to discuss Lucy’s care without such a concern. I was not in a position to insist upon the inclusion of Lucys relatives and had to accept the decisions as made by the team. My feelings and thought The common goal for the inter-personal team was to ensure enhanced care for Lucy, in line with the nursing duty to care to safeguard and promote the health and comfort of those under care (John, 2000; Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). With this basic tenet, I was dissatisfied by the decision not to involve Lucy and her relatives in the CPA meeting. I felt that her family, also as her caregivers, needed to be made aware of requisite care plans. In support of my sentiment, Webster (2002) states that it is paramount to engage all parties to achieve successful assessment and subsequent treatment. However, I was pleased with the engagement of the inter-professional team with each member having clear tasks and specifications of duties. Their contribution of diverse strengths and skills (Webster, 2002) assured a positive outcome and holistic care for Lucy. Evaluation Nurses are integral to the professional team; initiating, assessing and suggesting interventions. They assume a pivotal role in ensuring holistic care by the entire team; (Barret, 2009; Hudson, 2002). Without regard to my concerns the entire team involved in Lucy’s care had effective communication throughout which enhanced overall efficiency. Members updated information and shared their individual understanding of Lucy’s situation to the benefit of all present and read her progress note frequently. This became a significant source of communication towards her enhanced care. Hornby and Atkins (2000) and Webster (2002) suggest that sharing of knowledge and expertise is among the significantly beneficial aspects emerging from inter-professional engagement. The collaboration of the team was essential in expanding the collective understanding and ensuring efficiency in coordination to attain the required assistance and support (Webster, 2002). All professionals in the team were systematically and efficiently engaged in Lucy’s care. The psychiatrist assessed Lucy holistically and prescribed medication, and through time, educated her about her course of treatment. The Occupational therapist assessed Lucy for her capacity for independent life and assessed the level of support required in her road to recovery, which was a fundamental guide to the teams care plan. The Physiotherapist assessed Lucy and decided upon a treatment plan to assist her with movement, providing passive exercises as Lucy was initially quite reluctant to get out of bed. The patients nurse and I were involved in the daily care and support, implementing the directions in the plans as prescribed by the other professionals in the team. We took the lead of the workforce utilising the unique nursing role to build a strong therapeutic relationship with patients, identifying and advocating their needs (Jack and Smith, 2007). The nurse, John, 2000 outlines, makes unique contributions towards patient care are broad and varied encompassing assessment, coordination of care, enhancement of overall communication, physical and technical care, integration of various prescribed therapies, emotional support, as well as the empowerment of patients and their families for active participation in the delivery of care. Later, with the marked improvement of the patient and enhanced mobility, the Occupational therapist prescribed and we helped engage her with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and leisure activities such as art, cooking and relaxation sessions (Roper, et al., 2000). These activities played an important role helping Lucy to enhance her socialization, meeting and engaging with other people and thereby building her confidence and self-esteem. Analysis Upon reflection, I feel that the way in which the multidisciplinary team was involved and the effective utilization of all skills and input available was integral to the attainment of the objective of care which is a positive outcome (Webster, 2002). It is however noteworthy that sometimes, as was in this case, input from some members of the team is often overlooked due to a number of varied factors among which is seniority, communication, as well as an appreciation and understanding of their roles. (Hornby and Atkins, 2000). The Mental Health Act (1983) later amended in 2007 (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009) empowers psychiatrists to make decisions regarding the mental ill. This was the basis for the decision to exclude Lucy and her family citing her potential distress (Vostanis, P., 2007). With this realization, it would have been an unnecessary hindrance to clamour for the involvement of the patient and her family against the advice of the professionals. The patient’s distress, as envisaged, would have affected the outcome of her treatment and care (Malkinson and Ellis, 2000). With the need in Lucys case for a multidisciplinary approach to get her a favourable therapeutic outcome, I noted that it was essential to understand and appreciate the different roles of professionals particularly in healthcare (Department of Health, 2007b), effective teamwork to deliver the essential aspects of healthcare across the boundaries of varied roles (Department of Health, 2007a; Hornby and Atkins, 2000). Conclusion With the entire team agreed upon the decision not to involve relatives in the best interests of the patient and the required positive outcome, the team was able to run through the patient’s care plan as envisaged, effectively and with notable efficiency. The patient’s condition was successfully resolved and, in time, she realized marked improvement, mobility and was able to engage socially with others. It was integral that each member of the inter-professional team through efficient and effective collaboration contributed to the high quality care and outcome. For this collaborative effort, communication was paramount. Action plan Through this reflection, I was able to identify and establish factors that could be significant in improving my future career. Healthcare is inherently multidisciplinary and requires collaborative effort of diverse professionals (Barret, 2005; Webster, 2002). It is important to understand and appreciate the different roles played by various professionals. Through this placement, I gained an understanding of the import of effective collaborative efforts of diverse professionals in healthcare that enable the realization of positive outcomes for patients. Enhanced placement opportunities covering such multidisciplinary tasks, and the inclusion of inter-professional collaboration scenarios during training is essential to acquire such an appreciation. I also realized the essential place of nursing practice, playing an integral and pivotal role in ensuring holistic care by the entire team and enabling the success of the collaborative process. There should also be an elaboration of ethics and studies into appropriate instances for the exclusion of mental patients and their families from such programmes as CPA in the opinion of a psychiatrist. This would enable better understanding and consensus in scenarios such as in this particular case. References Barker, P., 2009. Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. 2nd London: Oxford University Press Barret, P., 2005. Collaborative Practice. London: Oxford University Boud, D., Keogh, R., Walker, D., 1985, Reflection: Turning Experience into Learning, Kogan-Page, London Department of Health, 2004. The Ten Essential Shared Capabilities: A Framework for the whole of the Mental Health Workforce. London:DoH Department of Health, 2007a. Learning for collaboration practice. London Department of Health, 2007b. Best Practice in Managing Risk. London: HMSO Gibbs, R., 1988. Learning by changing: A guide to teaching and learning methods: Oxford Further Education Unit: Oxford Brook University. Hornby, S., and Atkins, J., 2000. A relational approach to collaboration. eds. Collaborative Care: Inter-professional, Interagency and Interpersonal. London: Blackwell Hudson, B., 2002. â€Å"Inter-professionalism in health and social care: The Achilles’ Heel of Partnership.† In: Journal of Inter-professional care. 16(1), 7-17 Jack, K., and A., Smith, 2007. Promoting self-awareness in nursing to improve nursing practice. Nursing Standard, 21, 32, 47-52 Jasper, M., 2003. Beginning Reflective Practice: Foundation in Nursing and Health Care. London: Nelson Thornes John, C., 2000. Becoming a Practitioner. A reflective and holistic approach to clinical nursing: Practice development and clinical supervision Malkinson, R., and A., Ellis, 2000. The Application of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REB) in traumatic and non-traumatic loss. Moon, J. A., 2004. Handbook of Reflective and Experiential Learning: Theory and Practice, Taylor Francis. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008. The Code of Professional Conduct: Standard for conduct, performance and ethical protecting the public through professional standard. London: NMC Roper, N., W., Logan and A., Tierney, 2000. The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing Based on Activities of Living. Edinburg: Churchill Livingstone Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009. Role of Consultant Psychiatrist in Psychotherapy. London: RCP Webster, J., 2002. Team working: Understanding multi-professional working. Nursing Older People. 14(3):14-9 Worden, W., 1993. Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. 2nd ed. Routledge: London Vostanis, P., 2007. â€Å"Mental health and mental disorder.† In Coleman, J., and A., Hagell, eds. Adolescence, risk and resilience. Against the odds. Chichester: John Wiley and sons

International Business Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Operations - Essay Example ccording to the Wall Street Journal (2012), the increasing labor costs in China have influenced a decrease in market share and also rising competition from countries that have realized the potential that lies in manufacturing. Other than this, China’s labor providing population also lacks the necessary skills required in the diversified production market, hence pushing manufacturer’s to seek services from other countries. It is also difficult for foreign manufacturer’s to set up base in China because state-owned companies are the most dominant. The other aspect is likely to put China out of the manufacturing business is the fact that more and more countries are looking to set up their own manufacturing companies within themselves as a way of cutting down on production expenses. The shipping costs related to the exportation of raw materials that exporter’s haveto incur is one of the key aspects that countries have sought to override by failing to give China the manufacturing job. In my view, most of the competition that China is facing tends to be from Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, which have taken up most of China’s market exports to the US for clothing (McCann 2011). In essence, the trading environment provided in other nations such as Vietnam have made America to shift their manufacturing interest from China because of the free trade agreements provided by the latter. In this regard, Vietnam has become the greatest gainer because most of the US investors such as Nike have made their established their manufacturing base because of the projected cost benefits that would come as a result of not operating in China. Therefore, Vietnam is the greatest competitor to China as they have also attracted investors in the electronics sector, which was China’s stronghold to companies such as Samsung and Nokia. On the other hand, China is also losing out its market share in the manufacture of automobiles to Mexico because of the competitive labor costs

The Effects of Cocaine on Behavior Research Paper

The Effects of Cocaine on Behavior - Research Paper Example Scientific studies have discovered that the cause of this euphoria is due to the prevention of a neurotransmitter known as serotonin from being reabsorbed by the neuron that released it, known as the presynaptic neuron. The way that cocaine works is that it stops the reuptake of a number of neurotransmitters, for example, epinephrine and norepinephrine, causing them to stay in the individuals synapses for a longer period of time and exciting the sympathetic nervous system in the process (Yaffe, Briggs & Freeman, 2008). The excitement of the sympathetic nervous system brings about a stress response which results in the euphoria that is experienced by the individual. Though the euphoria that is experienced by the user may be enjoyable during that moment in time, the end results are in no way healthy for the individual, and the temporary pleasure that is experienced is not worth the long term effects that the person risks suffering (Doweiko, 2008).There are numerous effects that the use of cocaine has on an individual, and these effects can be classified into two categories, namely immediate and long term effects. Immediate effects refer to the reactions that occur right after one uses the drugs while the long term effects refer the responses that a person may have further down the line as a result of using the drug for a lengthy period of time (Yaffe, Briggs & Freeman, 2008). Both effects (immediate and long term) influence the behavior of the user, and differences can be seen in their actions and personality.

RSS feed Mobile Archive Search Ask me anything Submit Essay Example for Free

RSS feed Mobile Archive Search Ask me anything Submit Essay The Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national airline of the Philippine and Asia’s first airline. Philippine Airlines has been the dominant air carrier in the Philippines since its creation in 1941. Philippine Airlines rebranded itself as â€Å"Asia’s sunniest airline† to cap its new marketing and advertising trust. We have identified the three (3) major competitors of Philippine Airlines which are Cebu Pacific, Cathay Pacific and Zest Airlines. Our recommended strategy for Philippine Airlines is Product development strategy this includes providing more services to attract the customer as well as improving the products and services that they offer to gain more profit and to satisfy the customers. Many airline companies offer lower fares to gather customers. We suggest that PAL focus on differentiation by making their customers experience the â€Å"class† of flying to remind them the pleasure of taking flight in the skies. This strategy will require extensive employee training in proper etiquette and quality service, to ensure the portrayed brand image lines up with the experience of customers. Second to our priority is increasing the number of salespersons, increasing advertising expenditures, offering extensive sales promotion items, or increasing publicity efforts to enhance market share especially for the local flights. The Philippine Airlines must know the strengths and weakness of the management for the strategists to know what things to improve and maintain. Based on the result of the competitive profile matrix, Philippine Airlines fall behind the Cebu Pacific and this is due to the fall of its local flight segment. Garnering a decrease of total market share from 50% in May 2009 to 35.4% in late December of 2009 According to the SPACE Matrix that Philippine Airlines is financially a strong company that has achieved major competitive advantages in a growing and stable industry. Market Development, Product Development, and Horizontal integration is the suited strategy that can be used by PAL. In the Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the Philippine Airline is in the position of â€Å"star† because Philippine Airline remains stable with the market growth and continues to be successful in the field of airline industry. PAL is in the quadrant II that represents the organization’s best long-run opportunities for growth and profitability. Horizontal Integration is appropriate strategies for these divisions to consider. PAL should increased control over their competitor and takeovers among competitors allow for increased economies of sale and enhanced transfer of resources and competencies. Base on the internal- external matrix of Philippine Airline that the company should hold and maintain. The company should pursue Intensive (market penetration and product development) strategies which can be the best and most appropriate things to do. With the standard of living of Filipino is improving gradually as well as the increase in tourism industry and lot of Filipino workers go abroad airline industry is stably increase, that is why given the rapid market growth of the airline industry. Philippine Airlines is in an excellent strategic position, for Philippine Airlines, concentration on product development is an appropriate strategy in terms of the specific circumstances that face the company. II. COMPANY PROFILE The airline was founded on February 26, 1941 by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano, hailed as one of the Philippines’ leading industrialists at the time, who served as its general manager, and former Senator Ramon Fernandez, who served as its chairman and president. The airline, headquartered in the Philippine National Bank Financial Center in Pasay City, was founded in 1941 and is the oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name. Out of its hubs at Ninoy Aquino International Airport of Manila and Mactan-Cebu International Airport of Cebu City, Philippine Airlines serves nineteen destinations in the Philippines and twenty-four destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States. Formerly one of the largest Asian airlines, PAL was severely affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. In what was believed to be one of the Philippines’ biggest corporate failures, PAL was forced to downsize its international operations by completely cutting operations to Europe and eventually Southwest Asia, cutting virtually all domestic services excluding routes operated from Manila, reducing the size of its fleet and terminating the jobs of thousands of employees. The airline was placed under receivership in 1998, gradually restoring operations to many of the destinations it formerly serviced. PAL exited receivership in 2007 with ambitious plans to further restore services to its previously-serviced destinations, as well as diversify its fleet. Philippine Airlines is the only airline in the Philippines to be accredited with the IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) by the International Air Transport Association and has been awarded a 3-star rating by Skytrax. 1. Economic Forces In 1997, Philippine Airlines rebranded itself as â€Å"Asia’s sunniest airline† to cap its new marketing and advertising thrust. In addition to its re-fleeting program, Philippine Airlines commenced service to New York City (using Newark Liberty International Airport) via Vancouver. However, this caused the airline to be financially unstable, having acquired too many aircraft while matching them to unprofitable routes. The re-fleeting program was about halfway through when the full impact of the Asian financial crisis struck the airline industry early in 1998. By March 31, 1997, at the end of the 1996-1997 fiscal years, Philippine Airlines had reported its largest annual loss of P8.08 billion. PAL shareholders approved a quasi-reorganization plan, reducing the par value of PAL shares to P0.20 from P0.80 per share. It will also increase its authorized capital stock from P16 billion to P20 billion divided into 100 billion shares at P0.20 per share. Philippine Airlines income annual report showed an increase in revenues to US$1.634 billion, from US$1.504 billion the previous year, after carrying 17% more passengers due to acquisition of additional aircraft and growth in the domestic market. However, the cost of operating more flights, which involved higher maintenance expense and compounded by record-high fuel prices, raised expenses to US$1.9 billion, from US$1.539 billion the previous year. Fuel comprised 44% of Philippine Airlines income operating expenses. When the global crisis led to a travel slump in the latter part of the year, PAL’s passenger load factor fell to an average of 76.2%, three points lower than the previous year. PAL also reported paying US$165.4 million in principal and interest to its creditors, bringing to US$2.4 billion the total paid from March 1999 to March 2009. Total assets decreased by US$60.6 million to US$1.971 billion, while total liabilities rose by US$239.5 million over the previous year.With the protracted recession, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) said its member-airlines are bracing for US$9 billion in total combined losses by the end of the current fiscal year. 2.1 Social forces The Philippine airlines conduct a promo for there passenger especially who belong to there membership. They can earn miles points in every board with the code share partners (air Macau, Cathy pacific ,emirates, etihad , Malaysia airlines and other airlines that belong to that agreement. they also earn miles point in staying hotels around the Philippines and worldwide. example they can earn point rates vary between 250 and 500 miles per stay in hotel. The points they earn can be donated to UNICEF or in PAL Foundation. Security control is a significant contributor to service quality, but service is underperformed in terms of efficiency, relative to passengers’ desired levels. Security needs to follow a similar pattern to safety. It is already part of IOSA, but I’m sure more can be done to formalize industry requirements. IATA and the various agencies around the world must find ways to harmonize security requirements. It is essential for the passenger experience, and it is essential for airlines. It would simplify operations considerably.At the same time, it is clear that security is a government responsibility. They should be paying for the majority of measures, especially at the airport. But airlines must show willingness too, and play their part. We can look again at security onboard the aircraft. Boarding -Airlines use a number of different group/zone boarding systems or boarding rules, the idea (there are numerous variations) it is significant to service quality. In-flight service is something that makes the passenger comfortable and relaxes while they are on board. 2.2 Cultural forces Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national flag carrier of the Philippines and the first and oldest commercial airline in Asia. It began operations in 1941 by making one flight daily between Manila and Baguio. From its main hub at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, Philippine Airlines now flies to 18 destinations in the Philippines and serves 26 destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States. Mabuhay Miles is the Philippine Airlines frequent flyer program. It was established in 2002 by merging all existing PAL frequent flyer programs prior to the Asian financial crisis: namely, PALsmiles, the Mabuhay Club and the Flying Sportsman, with PALsmiles and Mabuhay Club members being moved to the new program on August 1, 2002. The Flying Sportsman program was subsequently transformed into SportsPlus, a three-tiered, subscription-based program which gives extra baggage allocations for sports equipment on PAL flights, aimed specifically at golfers, bowlers, scuba divers, tennis and badminton players, anglers and cyclists. The SportsPlus program is available only to Mabuhay Miles base members, as Mabuhay Miles members on higher membership tiers automatically receive SportsPlus privileges. Mabuhay Miles members earn miles that can be redeemed at face value on most Philippine Airlines-operated flights, as well as on code-shared routes of partner airlines. Some promotional fares and all flights operated by Airphil Express, however, are ineligible to earn miles. Miles may also be earned by patronizing the services of Mabuhay Miles partners, or by purchasing miles. Membership tiers include Mabuhay Miles Base, Elite, Premium Elite and Million Miler. 2.3 Environmental Forces In recent years, much attention has been given to the role of automobile emissions in climate change. But air travel—which has been rebounding since 9/11—is equally damaging to the climate, per mile of travel. Flight is one of the most fuel-guzzling forms of passenger transportation. Airplanes’ fuel use (and resulting emissions of carbon dioxide), per passenger and per mile, is almost as heavy as driving alone. Beyond their emissions of carbon dioxide, aircraft release other gases that have disproportionate but short-term effects on our planet’s climate . And data suggest that north westerners fly more passenger miles per capita than residents of most other states. Carbon dioxide has the same effects on the climate no matter when or where it is injected into the atmosphere. But other aircraft emissions-such as nitrogen oxides-have potent, climate-changing effects because of the elevation at which they are released. Over the short term, they more than double the effects of the CO2 alone Over time, these other pollutants disappear, but the carbon dioxide remains aloft capturing heat for decades. These short-term climate-altering effects of air travel are concentrated, along with the residents of affluent nations, in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, which includes the Pacific Northwest. The airline industries are responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the transportation sector. An aircraft engine contributes a global warming and global dimming even though it is least polluting forms of travel in the world. The rapid growth of air travel in recent years can contributes to increase the total pollution attributed to aviation and the reduction of achieved automobiles. The jet fuel can burned per passenger on a average 3200 kilometers airline flight about 353 kilograms. 2.4 Demographic Forces The population of the Philippines was 88.57 million people as of August, 2007. The 2009 projected population is 92.23 million people. This is an inflation rate of +1.5%. The 2008 population was 90.348.437, making it the 12th most populated country in the world. The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelagic nation located off the coast of Southeast Asia. Filipinos are descended from Austronesia people from Taiwan over a thousand years ago. The Aboriginal inhabitants consist of the Ati and Aetas, referred to as Negritos. Most of the country is comprised of Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups including, the Tagalog, Visayans, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Bicolano, Moro, Pangasinense, Igorot, Lumad Ibanag, Mangyan, Badjao, Ivatan, and Palawan tribes. There is a significant group of other ethnic descendants including the Spanish, British, American, Japanese and Chinese due to the Spanish colonization and Americation occupation after World War II. These intermarried descendants are referred to as Filipino mestizos There are Twelve major regional languages each with over one million speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Waray-Waray, Tausug, Bikol, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao and Hiligaynon. English and Spanish were both imposed on the country as official languages at one time in its history, so the languages can still be heavily felt within the country. The airline’s first flight took place on March 15, 1941 with a single Beech craft Model 18 NPC-54 on daily services between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. On July 22, the airline acquired the franchise of the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company. Government investment in September paved the way for its nationalization. PAL owns 30 Airbus aircraft and four Bombardier airplanes. The airline has also reconfigured its in-flight service to include first, business, and economy classes. PAL additionally offers flights to India and China, both among the world’s fastest-growing travel markets. The carrier offers almost 30 weekly flights to US destinations. In 2008 the company launched its low fare carrier unit, PAL Express, which serves mostly domestic island destinations.

Organic Chemistry Essay -- Chemistry

Chemistry has been called the science of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that fabricate our physical environment, why they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may be manipulated and changed. Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials produced by living organisms: wood, bone, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the Earth: salt, metals, and rock, just to name a few.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of the human’s wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic â€Å"Vital Force.† Thus organic chemistry was separated from inorganic chemistry, and it became it’s own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the â€Å"Vital Force† theory was immensely discredited, but this branch of science still stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the laboratory an organic compound previously observed in living tissue as Urea. Professor Wohler made this organic compound from non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Thus rendering the â€Å"Vital Force† theory to be with flaws. Other famous experiments proved the vitalism theory was wrong. In 1845 Kolbe synthesized acetic acid, the chief component in vinegar, in a flow of reactions starting with Carbon, the experiment is demonstrated better defined since acetic acid (C6H4O2) is a carbon-carbon bond. The theory of vitalism, like many other scientific theories, disappeared slowly under the weight of accumulated evidence rather than as a consequence of any one brilliant and enlightening experiment. Structural theory, which developed in the 1860’s, started the second major period of growth in the organic chemistry field. The de... ...reactions were already known and in active use to synthesize organic compounds into other compounds, only with this understanding of the nature of a chemical bond did a clear reason of the nature an mechanism of chemical reactions begin to appear. This will be clear when one realizes that the transformation of one molecule to another, a chemical reaction, requires the breaking of some bonds and the making of others. This process could not be understood until one knew what a bond is. Thus if the nineteenth century was devoted to unraveling the fixed structures of molecules, the twentieth century will be devoted to the study of their transformations. The study of science and more specifically the study of organic chemistry is an on going affair. In the scientific community one never rests, there is a continual stream of experimentation and the desire to explore new realms. The cutting edge in science is grounded in the medical field. How can we manipulate genetic codes the building blocks of life? The things we have learned over the years are allowing us to build those bridges to the future, a future that might see an improvement in the human condition by way of organic chemistry. Organic Chemistry Essay -- Chemistry Chemistry has been called the science of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that fabricate our physical environment, why they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may be manipulated and changed. Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials produced by living organisms: wood, bone, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the Earth: salt, metals, and rock, just to name a few.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of the human’s wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic â€Å"Vital Force.† Thus organic chemistry was separated from inorganic chemistry, and it became it’s own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the â€Å"Vital Force† theory was immensely discredited, but this branch of science still stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the laboratory an organic compound previously observed in living tissue as Urea. Professor Wohler made this organic compound from non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Thus rendering the â€Å"Vital Force† theory to be with flaws. Other famous experiments proved the vitalism theory was wrong. In 1845 Kolbe synthesized acetic acid, the chief component in vinegar, in a flow of reactions starting with Carbon, the experiment is demonstrated better defined since acetic acid (C6H4O2) is a carbon-carbon bond. The theory of vitalism, like many other scientific theories, disappeared slowly under the weight of accumulated evidence rather than as a consequence of any one brilliant and enlightening experiment. Structural theory, which developed in the 1860’s, started the second major period of growth in the organic chemistry field. The de... ...reactions were already known and in active use to synthesize organic compounds into other compounds, only with this understanding of the nature of a chemical bond did a clear reason of the nature an mechanism of chemical reactions begin to appear. This will be clear when one realizes that the transformation of one molecule to another, a chemical reaction, requires the breaking of some bonds and the making of others. This process could not be understood until one knew what a bond is. Thus if the nineteenth century was devoted to unraveling the fixed structures of molecules, the twentieth century will be devoted to the study of their transformations. The study of science and more specifically the study of organic chemistry is an on going affair. In the scientific community one never rests, there is a continual stream of experimentation and the desire to explore new realms. The cutting edge in science is grounded in the medical field. How can we manipulate genetic codes the building blocks of life? The things we have learned over the years are allowing us to build those bridges to the future, a future that might see an improvement in the human condition by way of organic chemistry.